Did you develop special abilities, or have always had special abilities even before having this dream.

You are not alone. There are currently several who have experienced a Unicorn PHENOMENA. Through out history more people have witnessed the Unicorn in some way. Why else would there be ancient tapestries with images of the Unicorn? There is one tapestry that depicts Adam and Eve with the Unicorn between them, the artist had a vision. Who is the Unicorn seen in dreams? Could he or she be the symbolic image of Christ? Could the messages be coming from a distant star known as monosaurus? If you have had such an experience, please share by posting below.

From the beginning of civilisation man has been enamoured with a region of the sky encompassing Orion and Taurus. According to German researcher Dr Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich a Magdalenian picture depicts the Pleiades, Hyades and Taurus. It appears to also represent the three stars of Orion’s belt. Recent evidence shows many cave paintings were added to in Magdalenian times but started back in 32000 BC.

Anyone who has spent some time looking at the night sky can see why ancient man was fascinated by this region and Ockham’s razor would give this as the simplest explanation. That would be the end of this investigation if it weren’t for a number of clues.

The Magdalenian star map gives one such clue. In the line of sight of the bull, in between Taurus and Orion, there is an X. This would not be of any significance if it weren’t for the fact it is in the position of a nearby star that is potentially habitable (Gliese 201, distance 48 light years). Within 50 light years of Earth there are some 200 stars that have a luminosity fantastic than that of a red dwarf. Many of these are too bright and would probably not exist long enough to harbor life. Others would be too faint and require too close an orbit to the star. Many are close orbiting binaries that would disrupt the evolution of planets. Some stars have highly variable luminosity. Finally some stars are relatively young, which is not the case with our candidate star.

Thus it can be estimated that to 50 light years there would be approximately 70 stars suitable for life as we know it. If evenly spaced, each would occupy a region of sky 26 degrees in diameter. This is approximately the area of the entire constellation of Taurus plus the top half of Orion. If one allows for a latitude of error of 5 degrees for the location, which is honestly pessimistic, the odds were 25 to 1 against a suitable star being at the location of the X.

A sculpture found in Germany and dating to 32500 to 38000 BC has been interpreted by Dr Michael Rappenglueck as a picture of Orion. This is based on the shape and the proper motion of a particular star within Orion. The sculpture has 48 to 52 notches on the back (The distance in light years to Gliese 201).

Gliese 201 is a distant member of a quadruple star system. The other three much closer orbiting stars are designated as 111 Tauri a, b and c. This is a third clue as the X on the Magdalenian star map is composed of 4 non-touching lines.

This would all be rather speculative if it weren’t for certain written evidence pointing towards this region of the sky.

From the dead sea scrolls, in Aramaic, the constellation of Orion was known as Nephila. Orion’s descendants were known as Nephilim The well known bible passage states:

“Now it came about, when men started to multiply on the face of the land, and daughters were born to them, that the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were gorgeous; and they took wives for themselves, whomever they chose. Then the Lord said, “My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; nevertheless his days shall be one hundred and twenty years.” The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of ancient, men of renown”

Dating to the ancient kingdom of Egypt from the pyramid texts we have:

“The celestial portal to the horizon is opened to you. And the gods are joyful at meeting you. They take you to the sky with your soul…You are traversing the winding waterway (milky-way) as a star crossing the sea. The Duat has grasped your hand at the place where Orion is, the bull of the sky (Taurus) has given you his hand.”

Gliese 201 is in the left hand of Orion on the Aurignacian Orion man carving.

The 3 pyramids of Giza have been associated with Orion’s belt by Robert Bauval. They also have a remarkable relationship with the terrestrial planets, ordered in the ground plot in accordance with their size. The masses of the pyramids of Khufu, Khafra and Menkhaura multiplied by 1 million billion equals the masses of the Earth, Venus and Mars respectively, with an error of less than 7%. The pyramids of Mexico represent the sun and moon so it would not be unreasonable to assume the Giza pyramids also represent our nearest planets.

The identification of the pyramids with 4th dynasty pharaohs, based on the supposed discoveries of Wiesse has been challenged successfully before and will not be pursued further here. The inventory stella is more likely to be a right history of the Giza necropolis states (with interpretations in brackets)

“Long live The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khufu, given life He found the house of Isis (The supposed sphinx temple and clearly covered in sand at the time of Khufu and so ancient already), Mistress of the Pyramid (Thus at least one fantastic pyramid supposedly built by Khufu, Khafra or Menkaura existed already and was attributed to Isis), by the side of the hollow of Hwran (The Sphinx) and he built his pyramid (satellite pyramid to fantastic pyramids or more likely pyramid in front of the temple) beside the temple of this goddess and he built a pyramid for the King’s daughter Henutsen beside this temple (further satellite pyramid to fantastic pyramids or more likely pyramids in front of the temple). The place of Hwran Horemakhet (The Khafra temple) is on the South side of the House of Isis, Mistress of the pyramid (as is the case). He restored the statue, all covered in painting, of the guardian of the atmosphere, who guides the winds with his stare. He replaced the back part of the Nemes head-dress, which was missing with gilded stone.(Proof the sphinx existed before Khufu) The figure of this god, cut in stone, is solid and will last to eternity, keeping its face looking always to the East”

If the Khafra pyramid was associated with Isis and Venus, it would seem logical to associate the Khufu pyramid with Osiris (Earth) and the Menkaura pyramid with Horus (Mars). The ancient Egyptian name for Mars was Horus of the horizon or Horus the red. The Egyptian name for the pyramid was Hur.

While there may or may not be evidence of Egyptian civilisation further back than 5000 BC, there are certainly written records that take us back to the times of the Aurignacians and nearly to the dawn of of our common ancestor.

Diodorus the Greek, according to Egyptian priests, gives a date of 10000 to 23000 BC as the date of Osiris.

There are a number of written records of the ancient God/King lists of Egypt that allude to dates as far back as 39600 BC for the reigns. It would be useful to examine these records to determine to what extent they match known events of pre-history. The dates given in table 1 below are by their nature approximate.

There have been attempts by Robert Bauval to deduce the significance of the alignment of the star shafts of the fantastic pyramid. This has been confounded by the enormous time span between supposed alignment of the belt of Orion circa 2400 BC and the alignment of Leo to the East in 10500 BC. This would seem to be an unrealistically long time.

Analysing the architecture scientifically a very different conclusion can be reached. Through the eons many alignments with the southern star shafts are possible. The way to calibrate the system would be to find out when the brightest star in Leo aligns and see if this has any significance. The sphinx points East and is generally accepted to represent Leo rising. Regulus, which is located at the paw of Leo, aligns with the queen’s southern star shaft in 13650 BC and prior to that in 39395 BC. As seen in the dates in table 1, these were significant times for Egypt. The next observation would be to determine which star is transiting the queen’s southern star shaft while Regulus is rising in the East. In 13650 BC, remarkably this is the Tauri 111 and Gliese 201 system. In 39395 BC, due to the relative motion of the stars, the correlation with the star shafts is even more exact, although Tauri 111 culminates 10 minutes before Regulus rises in the East. A further observation is that Aldebaran, the brightest star in Taurus, transits the king’s southern star shaft.

13650 BC was the approximate time of arrival of the Magdalenian art and agriculture in Egypt, the beginning of the first cold snap, the commencement of the reign of kings according to Manetho and the reigns of the Followers of Horus according to the Turin Papyrus. 39395 BC is the approximate time of the arrival of Aurignacian culture in Europe and North Africa and the start date of the king lists.

Table 1: Key historic dates relevant to the discussion

50000 BC Origin of common ancestor in Africa

43000 to 36000 BC Arrival in Europe and North Africa of Aurignacians.

38000 BC Aurignacian art

36500 BC Ra, Osiris etc. The start of Egyptian dynasties if total years used. (Manetho)

36600 BC Rules before Followers of Horus started. (39600 BC if dynasties excluded) (Turin papyrus) . > 39000 BC date attributed to Herodotus, based on precession.

15300 BC From the Turin Papyrus, the kings of the North

14500 BC Demi-Gods (Manetho)

13500 BC Possible arrival of Magdalenian art and beginning of agriculture in Egypt, which finished 10500 BC.

13400 BC From Turin Papyrus, Followers of Horus if dynasties included

13200 BC Kings (Manetho)

13000 BC Peak of Magdelenian art.

13000 BC Cold snap

12000 BC 1st flood (40 meters)

10500 BC 2nd cold snap

9600 BC From Plato date of destruction of Atlantis by flood

9600 BC 2nd flood (40 meters)

9500 BC Spirits of the dead (reign of 5813 years Manetho)

Before 8000 BC end of cave painting. Break in period of art of 5 to 6 millenia

The sphinx dates to before 5000 BC due to rain weathering. The fantastic pyramid mortar dates to 3800 BC, but this may be repair work.

6500 BC 3rd Cold snap,

5500 BC 3rd flood (15 meters)

5000 to 3500 BC Pre-Dynastic Egypt

By: Chris Boyd

About the Author:

Chris Boyd

The Andromeda galaxy is our neighbor galaxy. It is classified as M31. The M stands for Messier Object. Charles Messier was a French astronomer that lived from 1730 to 1817. He complied a list of objects that were hard to tell from comets. Of course the telescopes then were not as excellent as the ones today and today this isn’t a problem. There are 110 of these objects. Andromeda is a larger galaxy than our own. It is pretty near us in cosmic terms and is headed for a collision with the Milky Way. Don’t worry though, it will take about 4 billion years before this happens. Even when it does happen there is not much chance of being smashed into. The stars are just too far apart. NASA describes it this way, picture two grains of sand separated by a football field. That is about the distance of the stars from each other in each galaxy. When the two galaxies do meet, they will pass into each other at the speed of about 1,000,000 mph, Ouch! Some day the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies will be one. The main problem with the two galaxies passing into each other is the gas and debris that each contain. Recent findings indicate that the Andromeda Galaxy contains over a trillion stars, which is far more than the Milky Way, but here is the kicker, they have also found that the Milky Way is more massive, due to more dark matter being present. Dark matter is the matter that we can’t see. It is estimated that 90% of the universe is made of it. Because of all this dark matter in our own galaxy, it would have been fascinating to see how this effects the collision between the two galaxies.

Forgetting the collision for a second, the potential for planets in the Andromeda Galaxy is even far greater than our own, because of the number of stars in that galaxy. Scientists believe that the same physics is in effect in all galaxies and throughout the universe. I wonder if this could be a incorrect assumption, even in small ways? For example, what if there was a planet where things didn’t work quite the same. For example, we are used to seeing things fall down in a straight line. What if there was a planet where there was similar gravity to our own, but for some unknown reason, things that fell hit the planet on an angle? With so many different planets and so many different compositions, things could be quite different than what we are used to, even if it didn’t violate the physical laws. Would it be possible to find a galaxy that had no planets or that had at least 5 or 6 planets for every star? These are extreme cases, but you just can’t rule anything out when you are talking about the unknown.

Our own galaxy has satellite galaxies circling around it, like planets orbiting the sun. Two of these galaxies are the Small Magellanic Cloud and the Large Magellanic Cloud. The nearest galaxy to our own was thought to be the Large Magellanic Cloud, at 163,000 light years away. In 1994 it was learned that the he Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy was closer at only about 80,000 light years. The Magellanic Cloud galaxy is like a blob of stars. It can only be seen in the southern hemisphere. This galaxy is disintegrating because we are absorbing it. The gradational tug of war between this galaxy and our own is making thousands of star clusters between the two. The third closest galaxy to us, at about 200,000 light years, is the Small Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy. Again this galaxy is being absorbed by our galaxy. Gas is being made by dying stars and so are star clusters, as they are being pulled away from the Small Magellanic Cloud. There is also a debris trail that stretches from both of these galaxies into our own. This is another galaxy that can only be seen from the southern hemisphere. Thanks to these two galaxies, our own is getting larger. Both of the Magellanic Cloud galaxies are considered to be primitive and neither is said to have as many heavy elements as our own galaxy. The chances of finding planets with life in the two Magellanic Cloud galaxies are much slimmer than in our own or the Andromeda galaxy. This is because there are a lot of very young stars in them, some being as young as only twelve million years ancient. This doesn’t give much time, if any, for planetary development.

Our Milky Way is about 90,000 light years in diameter and has a circumference of about 270,000 light years. It is disk shaped and is about 2,400 light years thick. None of these figures are exact and can be off by as much as 50,000 light years, no one knows for sure. Our galaxy is part of a group of galaxies known as the local group. This group is in itself part of the Virgo Supercluster. Other dwarf galaxies that orbit our Milky Way are Canis Major, Sagittarius, Ursa Minor, Sculptor, Sextans, Fomax and Leo. Some are so small that they are only 500 light years across. These tiny galaxies would be Carina, Draco and Leo II, all dwarfs. It is thought that there might be more of these galaxies orbiting us that have much less mass and therefore are going undetected for the moment. It is felt that they might be mostly gas and dust. There is a ripple effect at the southern edge of our galaxy and this is thought to be caused by the Magellanic Clouds as they orbit us. The speed of the approaching Andromeda Galaxy is about 100 to 140 kilometers per second. That is roughly 67 to 93 miles per second. No one is quite sure how quick our galaxy is traveling. There have been estimates that range form 100 km to 1,000 km. per second. That is somewhere between 67 to to 667 miles per second and even this might be incorrect.

Some of the recently found planets from outside our solar system include one that was learned orbiting a star that was considered quite normal. The planet is about 5.5 times the size of the Earth. It is further away from its sun than we are from ours. The star it orbits is 28,000 light years away and the planet is thought to be rocky. The star it orbits is a red dwarf. That means it is about 50 times less powerful than our sun, but is the most common type of star in the universe. Some Earth sized planets have been detected, but these were only orbiting dying neutron stars. A neutron star is a star that comes from a supernova explosion. It is VERY dense. You are talking about a star that is only about 10 km(about 6.5 miles) in radius, yet has a mass about 1.5 times that of our sun, which has a radius of 695,000 km (about 463,333 miles). It is believed that any planet orbiting a sun of this type MUST be a dead world. Another planet was found at a distance of about 20 light years. It is rotating around a red sun that is about 1.5 times the size of our sun. The planet is considered to be very Earth like and its discovery was announced in April, 2007 by a team of European astronomers. There is evidence to suggest oceans. The diameter is 12,000 miles and its mass is 5 times that of Earth. Some scientists are already saying that this planet might just have the best chance for life so far. I believe that this statement is far too premature. The planet is located in Libra.

Have you ever wondered why we are finding planets that are usually huge? The answer is simple, it is hard to find planets because their suns block out their light. The larger the planet the more light it gives off and the simpler it is to find, not that finding planets is simple. Will we find a planet that has life on it? It seems that the universe has a surprise for us. That surprise is that there are many planets out there and many are similar to our own world. There may be millions and billions of societies waiting for us, or trying to avoid us, whatever the case may be.

Copyright © 2007 by About Facts Net and its licensors. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce this article if no changes are made and all links, if any, remain intact.

By: Kenneth McCormick

About the Author:

Ken is the webmaster of About Facts Net ( http://aboutfacts.net ) a well loved, free, internet magazine web site. The site contains hundreds of articles on all different, fascinating subjects that are often accompanied by photos, video or audio. The magazine is suitable for viewing by the entire family.

Visit for advice on healthy foods that keep you well 
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How to Teach Your Kids about Planets

START BY DISTINGUISHING PLANETS FROM STARS; this will also help them know better why planets are simpler to identify among the thousands of stars in the sky if they know what they’re looking for. This may also be a excellent time to start explaining to them why Pluto, once known as the 9th planet in the solar system, has been demoted to becoming a dwarf star.

YOU CAN MAKE LESSONS MORE FASCINATING by providing explanations behind the tales of the planets’ names. This makes a fantastic segue from astronomy to Greek and Roman mythology.

IT IS IMPOSSIBLE to see all eight planets in one night so consider dividing your home astronomy lessons into several sessions.

SHOW YOUR KIDS A PHOTO OF OUR EARTH and clarify to them why our planet is livable compared to other planets in the solar system. If possible, enumerate the factors that make Earth inhabitable. This is also a excellent time to clarify why scientists believe there’s a chance for Mars to have once been inhabited and the theory of aliens.

VENUS is the closest planet to Earth and is the simplest planet to locate with the naked eye because of its brightness. Although the phases of Venus can only be visible through the use of a telescope, you could show photos that will give your kids a excellent thought about the dangers of the greenhouse effect and emphasize to them the importance of keeping the environment clean.

JUPITER is the next simplest planet to locate with the naked eye because of its size. Make sure, therefore, that you mention to your kids how Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. If you have a small telescope with you, you can also point out to them where the Red Spot of the planet is and how it’s really a storm that has been brewing for more than three centuries. This is a excellent time to clarify the differences in Jupiter’s and Earth’s weather and why we’re blessed to have weather like ours.

MARS can be easily located as well because of its distinctive coloring. You can elaborate on what you’ve discussed earlier on by enumerating the similarities between Mars and Earth.

MERCURY is the closest planet to the Sun, and you can clarify why its location or proximity to the center of the solar system makes it hard to locate at certain times of the day. You can also provide explanations as to why Mercury’s weather is extremely hot and cold at day and night respectively before citing the possibility of having the same thing happen to Earth.

ALTHOUGH SATURN IS NOT THE ONLY PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM WITH RINGS, it is but the most well-known. Saturn will appear yellowish to the naked eye but its rings will only be visible with the help of a telescope. If you can show your kids what the rings look like, you can then clarify to them what these rings are made of.

URANUS can only be seen by the naked eye if it’s bright at its brightest. You will also have to be an optimal place and time. If you’re living in a city, you might need the help of a telescope to give your kids a better and clearer view of this planet.

NEPTUNE is the most hard planet to locate by the naked eye and conditions have to be near perfect first before this can be possible. Together with Uranus, both planets require you to study planetary schedules and locations if you wish to locate them at the shortest amount of time and effort.

And lastly, if you still have time and you do own a telescope, you can also show your kids Pluto. As Pluto is named after the God of the Dead, you might want to cite similarities between the mythical god and its equivalent planet. Clarify about the controversy revolving the demotion of Planet.

And there ends your first home astronomy lesson for your kids. Prepare lots of food for the session because this makes a fantastic bonding time for your family as well.

By: Jeff Seward

About the Author:

Find Sun facts and Jupiter facts at the Planet Facts website.

Moon as the Earliest Calendar

Clark Nelson

2282 wds

Moon as the Earliest Calendar 

I AM speaks to people through His Word, the Holy Bible.  Historical, inspirational and supernatural, the Bible has been with us since calendar recording started.  Readers of the Holy Bible can know the records of ancient times.  We discern what the numbered ages in the Ancient Testament really mean by using three oldest calendars.  Three calendar systems that help our study of Bible times are the Jewish, Mesoamerican and the Egyptian calendars.  These three calendars allow us to trace back into remote prehistory.  The word prehistory includes the “before time”, and the compound of “His” and “tale.”  Scientists who have worked with these very early cultures can provide the basic calendar methods that were once used to measure time.  We need to review the Lord’s units of main time keeping to see the way ancient humanity dealt with time observation.

Early parts of the Ancient Testament mention days and years together.  Time and the Biblical Creation include major fundamental concepts known to the ancient Jewish people.  The Ancient Testament provides our first realistic thoughts about time reckoning and recording.  The Lord defines the day and night in the book of Genesis.  The very first calendar of one day had begun.  Description of the seven-day Creative Week further defines basic operation of the calendar.  The sacred seven-day week is a fundamental religious thought.  Four phases of the moon marked four weekly intervals during the month.  Approximate lunar phases are attached to the origins of the calendar Sabbath week.  Seven-day weeks and lunar months make the lunar-side of the lunar/solar calendars.

We are learning ancient days when timekeepers watched the sun, moon and stars.  The Jewish Calendar is simple when you know the numbers used.  The Jewish Calendar is based on the sun and moon together and measures chronology in numbered years from the Creation year 1.  Modern recorded dates denote this era as B.C.E. for “Before Common Era”.  Christianity dates according to the birth of Christ.  The same B.C.E. initials mean “Before Christian Era” or simply B.C. for “Before Christ.”  Time reckoning after Christ applies the A.D. marking of Anno Domini, which stems from the Latin meaning: “After Divinity” in the year of our Lord.

Calendar systems map world chronology according to different beginnings.  Some follow Jewish tradition and place the Creation date at 5,767 years ago or about 3,761 years B.C.E.  Others credit Archbishop Ussher with calculating in 1,701 A.D. that Creation took place in 4,004 B.C.  The Egyptian Calendar starts between 4,236 B.C.E. and 4,241 B.C.E., along with Egyptian mythology explaining the world’s creation.  Starting dates depend on star observation in Egypt, since that is the only way primal society had to mark calendar years.  Another plot estimates the starting Mayan Calendar date to be 3,113 B.C.E.  Shared calendar characteristics enable deeper inspection of prehistoric time reckoning.  Sacred texts and current science provide clues needed to reconstruct the oldest Biblical history.  Vital traits gathered from past calendar time streams become woven together to obtain hybrid insight.  Three ancient calendar systems form the world’s oldest trunk line of calendar science.  God used a lunar/solar calendar to write listed ages for the Antediluvian Patriarchs.  The family of Adam heralds new discovery from the earliest time.

Ages of Adam will aid you through better understanding of the Ancient Testament and significant calendar information.  The work at timeemits.com stresses time reckoning and recording.  We return to the origins of day and night that lead up to the sacred seven-day week to explore this affinity between God above and calendar times.

Genesis 1:4

“And God saw the light, that it was excellent: and God divided the light from the darkness.”

God was “between” the light, and the darkness in the literal Hebrew definition.  This basic interlinear Bible definition establishes a slightly different thought of God being between or separating, daylight on the one hand, and darkness on the other.  This meaning sets the precedence for identifying day and night.

Genesis 1:5

“And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night.  And the evening and the morning were the first day.”

The Lord place two fantastic lights in heaven, one to rule the day and one to rule the night.  The light of the sun measured the day and the light of the moon measured time greater than a day.  The greater light is, of course, the sun.  Everything we call solar deals with the sun.  The lesser light, or luminary, is the moon.  The word lunar relates to the moon or the month.  The sun and moon identify as luminaries.

This work of God, of dividing, separating or coming between daylight and darkness to measure time is the basic premise of the original Jewish calendar.  Calendars, time, and the sacred seven-day week have inspired the purest of time references to the Holy Bible.  We must examine formative religions and thoughts about time.  In chapter 5 of Genesis, a correlation exists between the “begat” genealogy following Adam and numerical ties to ancient calendars.  Adam and his descendants through Noah are the Antediluvian Patriarchs.  Antediluvian tells us they were before the fantastic flood of Noah and all were Patriarchs or fore fathers of humanity.  The Holy Bible provides our greatest treasure of calendar history and early theology.  The Master of the Universe, He who sits upon the throne of glory and grace, stretches forth His right hand to give us time.

We become one human race when you place man and woman together.  There are two literal Hebrew definitions involved here.  Adam meant “the man,” in the literal Hebrew sense of the word.  Adam, the word, differs from a personal pronoun name like Bob or John.  Adam is the human being, the generic man or a breathing creature.  Adam in this work refers to the universal, generic meaning for man.  The man is a derivative form of the root word that describes reddish clay, soil or dust.  Literal word searches furnish meanings that aid our calendar study.  A synthesis of faiths and mythology sharpen initial views regarding civilization.  People have always marked birth and death by the calendar.  Calendars unite with the spiritual afterlife in memorials.  Early religions recognized conceptions of the spirit and soul after death by burial and by saying “from dust unto dust.”  The lifetime of Adam is given precise lunar/solar years in chapter 5 of Genesis.

Eve is the woman in literal Hebrew.  She is the life-giver, mother to the living, or child-bearer.  The feminine fertility issue has always been associated with lunar observation.  The lunar month forever etches upon humanity the moon — mother perceptions of ancient times.  Cycles of new moons were basic time reckoning ingredients for lunar/solar calendars.  Where Eve represented the feminine side of human order according to lunar observation, Adam represented the masculine, solar side, according to solar positioning on the horizon.  In other words, Adam’s male image also implied meaning toward the rising and setting positions of the sun through all four seasons during the year.  Adam and Eve have embedded connections with primitive cosmology.

Clarification of God resting on the seventh day defines a separation between successive time frames.  God again divides, separates or is between the light and darkness of the moon.  Repeated instances in a theme show a holy relationship is present between specific divisions of calendar times.  Transition from one lunar phase ending to commencement of the next lunar phase is the most revered unit of time measurement known.  God set aside the Sabbath Day as holy.  God consecrated the Jewish Shabbat for all time to come.  The sacred Jewish significance of the seven-day week and the number seven elsewhere support religious observance of the moon as an early calendar.

The lunar/solar calendar starts to emerge with a variety of ultimate connotations.  Day unto night, between the weeks as Sabbath, new moon crescents and finally intercalary days all continue divine providence upon Earth.  Time steps in the lunar/solar calendar accumulate for longer time cycles.  Years and then multiple of years exhibit the same religious notions to vast proportions.

Changes in the appearance of the moon at night provide the seven-day week.  Divisions of seven-days separate the four basic lunar phases noted in figure 1.  Starting with a new moon crescent, the moon gradually comes into view on following nights.  The first half of the moon is visible in about seven-days.  The moon waxes until full moon at the end of two weeks.  Lunar light reverses progression in the third week, waning to half visibility.  A fourth week completes the month and visibility diminishes toward a new moon.  Completion of four lunar phases comprises the month.  The right lunar month measures 29.53-days.  Ancient calendar makers recorded approximations according to actual observation.  Whole lunar months of 29-days or 30-days were the common practice in lunar/solar calendar systems.  The average lunar month of 29.5-days repeats upon sighting the new moon crescent.  Light and darkness classify lunar phases in the lunar-side of lunar/solar calendars.  Original interpretations of lunar time place God between the weeks on Sabbath Days.

Lunar/solar calendar foundations of the Jewish calendar extend from the earliest verses of scripture.  Natural, uniform motions of the heavenly spheres are the pivotal markers of time reckoning.  The list of ancient characters mentioned in the Ancient Testament used this lunar/solar calendar system of time recording.  Observation of lunar phases coupled with solar positioning graduated the lifetime ages of Adam and his descendants.  Well over ten thousand years ago, proto-historical calendar makers had developed advanced sciences such as mathematics and astronomy.  Intercalary days add to the lunar year of twelve-moon-months in order to complete our modern solar year of 365-days.  Necessary intercalations best describe lunar/solar separation time by “coming between” lunar and solar times.

Time Equations

There are 12 finished lunar months during the current 365-day-solar-year.  Since day one, that has never changed.  An average lunar month is about 29.5-days long measured against a starry nighttime background.  There are four quarters during one-lunar-month.  From new moon, which shows no moonlight, to the first phase of the moon, or half the lighted moon, about one week has passed.  Moonlight waxes to full-moon stage after two weeks.  Reversing the pattern, the third week of the month wanes visibility to diminish the moon’s light back to halfway again.  The fourth weekly period continues the waning retreat of moonlight until again repeating the new moon.  Twelve mature lunar months multiply by 29.5-days per lunar month for 354-days to approximate the lunar year (Eqn. 1).

Time differences between lunar and solar calendar years provide lunar/solar calendar adjustments or intercalations.  Subtraction yields 11 days of lunar/solar separation time between the lunar year of 12-moon-months and the 365-day-solar-year (Eqn. 2).  Eleven days of difference every year were the staple for lunar/solar calendars.  During 19-years, 11-days of lunar/solar separation time every year multiply this division between lunar years and solar years (Eqn. 3).  Lunar/solar separation time measures 209-days of difference after 19-years have passed.  Therefore, any 19-year lunar/solar calendar cycle had to incorporate these remaining 209-days of separation as intercalary days in order to catch up the lunar-side of the calendar, with the solar-side of the calendar.  Intercalary systems varied between cultures to compensate calendar recording.  The Mayan Calendar escalates the same intercalations to distribute 210-days over a 20-year lunar/solar calendar cycle (Eqn. 3).

Throughout this text, ‘lunar/solar’ denotes calendar terminology that pertains to lunar and solar time.  Variations include ‘lunar/solar separation time’ to indicate time between lunar years and solar years.  Occasionally the phrase is abbreviated ‘l/s’.  Lunar-side specifically addresses time measured according to lunar or moon reckoning.  Solar-side time splits address time that depends upon solar or sun reckoning.  Lunar/solar calendar time is the most vital approach to survey ancient calendars.

Equations

1.                  12-Month-Lunar-Year

29.5 day-lunar-month

x 12  lunar-months in lunar-year

= 354 day-lunar-year

2.                  11-Days of Lunar/Solar Separation Time

365 day-solar-year

- 354 day-lunar-year

= 11 days of l/s separation time per l/s calendar year

3.                  Lunar/Solar Separation Time for 20-year-L/S-Cycle

11-days of Separation per l/s calendar year

x 19-year-l/s-calendar cycle

= 209 days of separation per 19-year-l/s-cycle

Approximates to 210 Days of Separation per 20-year l/s-cycle

The lunar/solar calendar starts to emerge with a variety of ultimate connotations.  Day unto night, between the weeks as Sabbath, new moon crescents and finally intercalary days all continue divine providence upon Earth.  Time steps in the lunar/solar calendar accumulate for longer time cycles.  Years and then multiple of years exhibit the same religious notions to vast proportions.

Lunar/solar calendars were common throughout the ancient world.  Different calendar systems employed the 19-year cycle with slight variations.  Study of the Jewish Calendar provides the necessary understanding that is fundamental to lunar/solar calendar cycles.  Equally vital, the Jewish Calendar was the mainstay time recording plot found throughout the Ancient Testament.

More information regarding Jewish Calendar festival and holiday celebrations is available from the timeemits.com website.  The scope of this work is primarily the treatment of l/s intercalations.  Ancient and modern versions of the calendar vary slightly.  A right comparison is possible only through supplementary reading in Judaism.

Are you a pastor, educator or a student of the Holy Bible?  Timeemits.com seeks anointed people to review and contribute to the Ages of Adam ministry.  Ancient lunar/solar calendars like the Jewish and Mayan calendars provide the background to understanding early time.  Ancient calendars of the Holy Bible use differences between the moon and sun, numerical matching and a 364-day calendar year to describe X-number of days that match with X-number of years.  Ages of Adam is a free read. at timeemits.

By: Clark Nelson

About the Author:

Clark Nelson is webmaster for http://www.timeemits.com and author of Ages of Adam and sequel, Holy of Holies. Contact article@timeemits.com for more information.
© Copyright 2006 Clark Nelson and timeemits.com All Rights Reserved.

According to a theory, the Moon was made when a rock the size of Mars slammed into Earth, small ly after the solar system started forming about 4.5 billion years ago.

Locked in orbit

Perhaps the coolest thing about the Moon is that it always shows us the same face. Since both the Earth and Moon are rotating and orbiting, how can this be? Long ago, the Earth’s gravitational effects slowed the Moon’s rotation about its axis. Once the rotation slowed enough to match its orbital period (the time it takes to go around Earth), the effect stabilised. Many of the moons around other planets behave similarly.

What about phases?

Here’s how they work: As the Moon orbits, it spends part of its time between us and the Sun, and the lighted half faces away from us. This is called a new Moon.Once it is opposite the Sun, it becomes fully lit from our view – a full Moon.

Moon trees

More than 400 trees on Earth came from the Moon. They came from lunar orbit. In 1971, Apollo 14 astronaut Stuart Roosa took a bunch of seeds with him. Later, the seeds were germinated on Earth, planted at various sites around the US, and came to be called the Moon trees. Most of them are doing just fine.

Punching bag

The Moon’s heavily cratered surface is the result of intense pummelling by space rocks between 4.1 and 3.8 billion years ago. The scars of this war, seen as craters, have not eroded much for two main reasons: The Moon is not geologically very active, so earthquakes, volcanoes and mountainbuilding don’t ruin the landscape as they do on Earth; and with virtually no atmosphere there is no wind or rain.

Sister moons

The Moon is Earth’s only natural satellite. Right? Maybe not. In 1999, scientists found that a 5-kilometer wide asteroid may be caught in Earth’s gravitational grip, thereby becoming a satellite. Cruithne, as it is called, takes 770 years to complete a horseshoeshaped orbit around Earth, the scientists say, and it will remain in a suspended state around Earth for at least 5,000 years.

Egghead

The Moon is not round or spherical. Instead, it’s shaped like an egg. If you go outside and look up, one of the small ends is pointing right at you. And the Moon’s center of mass is not at the geometric center of the satellite; it’s about 2 kilometers off-center.

Moonquakes

Apollo astronauts used seismometers during their visits to the Moon and learned that the gray orb isn’t atotally dead place, geologically speaking. Small moonquakes, originating several kilometers below the surface, are thought to be caused by the gravitational pull of Earth. Sometimes tiny breaks appear at the surface, and gas escapes.

Is it a planet?

Our Moon is larger than Pluto.At roughly one-fourth the diameter of Earth, some scientists reckon the Moon is more like a planet. The Earth-Moon system is referred to as a ‘double planet’. Pluto and its moon Charon are also called a double-planet system by some.

Ocean tug

Tides on Earth are caused mostly by the Moon . The Moon’s gravity pulls on Earth’s oceans. High tide aligns with the Moon as Earth spins underneath. AII this tugging has another fascinating effect: Some of Earth’s rotational energy is stolen by the Moon, causing our planet to slow down by about 1.5 milliseconds every century.

Bye bye Moon

As you read this, the Moon is moving away from us. Each year, the Moon steals some of Earth’s rotational energy, and uses itto propel itself about 3.8 centimeters higher in its orbit. Researchers say that when it formed, the Moon was about 22,530 kilometers from Earth. It’s now more than 450,000 kilometers away.

By: Subhash

About the Author:

For more details on Moon visit www.halfvalue.com and www.halfvalue.co.uk

Because the planets and dwarf planets beyond the asteroid belt are much farther away, you won’t be able to see them using a pair of binoculars, much less with your naked eye. You will need a home telescope, preferably one with very excellent resolution, as some of the planets have fascinating properties.

You may also need star maps, since some of the outer planets are described in reference to nearby constellations. The darker your surroundings, the simpler it will be to view the outer planets. You will need a dim flashlight so you can better read your star maps and keep light from disturbing or disrupting your viewing. The properties of planets are vital when considering the outer planets, as some of them are now described as dwarf planets because they did not meet one or more qualifications to be planets. According to internationally approved definitions, a planet must be a spherical body orbiting the sun, with its shape brought about by its own gravitational forces. A planet should also clear the neighborhood surrounding its orbit.

The first planet beyond the asteroid belt is the gas giant Jupiter, home to sixty three satellites. The largest of all the planets, Jupiter is equal in volume to over one thousand three hundred earths, and in mass to over three hundred earths. This massive planet’s atmosphere is made up of hydrogen and helium, and is home to storms aplenty. Jupiter has long been an object of fascination to the ancients, and was named by the Romans after the king of their gods. Along with Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, Jupiter is part of the Jovian planets, a group of gas giants. Because of its atmosphere, Jupiter assumes a red to orange appearance when viewed with a telescope. A Fantastic Red Spot, a giant storm that has existed for hundreds of years, rests on Jupiter’s surface; around Jupiter is a faint ring of satellites. Jupiter is the brightest body in the sky, next to Venus, although Mars overtakes it in brightness at certain times of the year.

Not only is Jupiter bright, but its massive size influences the size, position, and behavior of the solar system. In fact, Jupiter gives off more heat than it receives from the sun. Jupiter is also the fastest rotating planet, making a bulge at its equator that you can see through your telescope. Saturn is the next gas giant, and could well be the most well-known, most colorful planet in the solar system. Saturn has thick rings of ice particles that you can easily see through your telescope, and is also home to fifty six satellites. The whole planet, but, is less dense than water, and, like Jupiter, has an atmosphere composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Like Jupiter, Saturn is a very hot planet, and gives off more energy into space than what it gets from the sun. Saturn’s ring system, but, often blocks its colors. Now, Saturn is colored bright blue, like Uranus, due to colder temperatures on the planet. You can still see Saturn’s rings, but, using your telescope. With a more powerful telescope, you may also see Saturn’s most well-known moon, Titan, which is the only satellite in the solar system with a thick atmosphere.

The ancients have long observed and tracked Saturn, along with the only other planets in the solar system visible to the naked eye from earth: Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. To the naked eye, Saturn is a bright, slightly yellow star. Uranus, the third gas giant, holds twenty seven satellites in orbit, and was the first planet learned using a telescope. Mistakenly identified as a star, Uranus has a faint ring system, is colored light blue, and has moons named after characters from Shakespeare’s and Alexander Pope’s works. To the naked eye, Uranus appears like a faint star; with a telescope, Uranus is a pale blue disk, and its two largest moons, Titania and Oberon, might be visible. Neptune is the last planet of the solar system and is home to thirteen moons. With a telescope, Neptune can be seen as a brilliant blue-green planet, a property that can be described as being due to the traces of methane in the planet’s atmosphere. Like the other gas giants, Neptune has a ring system.

It was also the first planet to be learned due to mathematical predictions, and not due to observations of the sky. Beyond Neptune are two dwarf planets, Pluto and Eris. Pluto, made of rock and ice, is home to three satellites, and was once considered a planet. Eris, on the other hand, is the largest dwarf planet in the solar system, and is home to at least one moon. Star staring and planet watching are enjoyable activities that anyone can delight in. With the right tools and knowledge, you can locate the planets and have a fantastic time with your family.

By: Jeff Seward

About the Author:

To learn facts about Earth and facts about Saturn, visit the Planet Facts website.

The external of Venus is fractious to see through the thick, dense clouds and the first crude similes of the ascend were obtained using ground based radar. More the Magellan spacecraft obtained detailed images which was launched to Venus on May 4, 1989 and depleted four and a the existence radar mapping 98 percent of the exterior of Venus. Later, the European Space Agency launched the Venus Express on November 9, 2005 and on April 11, 2006 it slipped into a polar orbit around Venus. These probes have now provided us with an accurate map of Venus.

Most of the appear of Venus is relatively total plains twisted by giant pools of lava. Venus has thousands of small volcanoes and hundreds of large volcanoes many of which are over 100 kilometers in diameter. There are quite large craters scattered at arbitrary all over the rise of Venus. These craters are more than 2 kilometers varied and smaller craters do not exist because smaller meteors burn up in the thick atmosphere of Venus. The map of Two dominated venus large highland areas, the Ishtar Terra, where the Maxwell Montes, the peak mountain can be found and the Aphrodite Terra highlands.

More missions to Venus are plotted and NASAs MESSENGER spacecraft just has done two glide bys of Venus in October 2006 and June 2007 while on its way to Mercury. Spacecraft called BepiColombo, which was launched by the European Space Agency, will also perform two glide bys of Venus on its way to Mercury. Japan forecast to launch the Planet-C Venus climate orbiter in 2010 and NASA has future spacecraft called VISE the Venus In-Situ Explorer which will really land on Venus. Once on the exterior the Venus In-Situ Explorer will take a center model and scan it. The mission to Venus will tell us more about the compound composition and climate on Earths sister planet.

By: Jeff Seward

About the Author:

Visit the Planet Facts website to learn about Uranus facts and facts about Mars.

Mars itself is – because it is further away from our heat source the Sun – a cold desert planet. So far without any signs of life nor liquid water on the surface.

In 2002 the Mars Odyssey Orbiter learned that large amounts of frozen, below the surface, water (ice) might be present on Mars’ North pole. As water is an essential prerequisite for any life to exist, the Phoenix Mars Lander was dispatched to investigate. The Phoenix landed, safely and as scheduled, on May 25th, 2008. Now it is in the process of using its robot arm to scoop samples of Mars’ soil and examine these in its onboard lab for the presence of water and other substances as well as any signs of current or past life.

What can we expect to find? Could there be any life on Mars?

In many ways, Mars – just like Earth – is a very privileged planet. It is orbiting a steady burning star (our Sun) of the right size and age to provide a rather constant source of light and heat. Mars – just like Earth – is also in a perfectly suited solar system. Of the right age and providing protection from comets and asteroids through the presence of much larger planets (especially Jupiter) in its outer orbits. And Mars – just like Earth – is located at the likely only possible location in its galaxy (the Milky Way) that will provide enough building materials but is not in a (too) heavy populated area of solar systems. The vast, vast majority of solar systems in our (and other) galaxies are located near the center or on the spiral arms. These areas are overcrowded and therefore life destroying collisions (like on a busy intersection of highways) occur quite often. Only planets in solar systems in-between spiral arms (like our solar system) stand even a chance to provide a ‘safe’ environment for life to exist.

So, Mars is off to a promising start and in a much better situation that any other planet we know that might have a chance to be habitable for life. But that does not mean that it is perfect for life (like Earth is).

For starters, it is too cold. Even the simplest organic life forms require average temperatures above freezing and not exceeding the boiling point of water. Mars is therefore too cold with is average temperature below 0 degrees Fahrenheit.

And life requires liquid water. Water – and the presence of at least another 26 essential elements – is a prerequisite to even consider the possibility of life. Therefore the engineers at NASA targeted the Mars polar region not expecting to find current life but perhaps evidence of past life during a time when Mars might have been closer to the Sun and therefore having a more life-inviting temperature.

Still even the presence of liquid water and all other required elements, like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and so on are not enough to make a planet potentially habitable. Studying life on Earth we now know and appreciate that organic life also requires other conditions to be ‘just right’, like rotation speed, mass and gravity of the planet, presence and composition of an atmosphere, magnetic field around the planet, volcanic activity, plate tectonics, axial tilt, shape of the orbit, ozone levels and so on.

And if all these conditions at some time in Mars’ history might have all worked out, then that does not automatically imply that life also ‘developed’. Having all the building blocks of life present does not ‘automatically’ build life. Just like the presence of all building materials for a house on a property not ‘automatically’ erects a gorgeous residence.

It is exciting to learn more about our universe and the complexity of life by using our most advanced scientific skills to study our neighboring planet. Let us just make sure that we objectively interpret the knowledge we have gained and will gain through the Phoenix Mars Lander and subsequent projects: our Earth is extraordinary uniquely positioned and composed to allow for life to exist. So uniquely and against all statistical odds that it gives a remarkable but resounding testimony to the words of Israel’s King David who wrote nearly 3000 years ago:

“The heavens declare the glory of God” (Psalm 19:1)

By: Rob VandeWeghe

About the Author:
Rob VandeWeghe is a sceptic turned Christian. More evidences for Christianity are available at http://www.WindmillMinistries.org. Or study more about the Ancient Testament.

Anyone who has spent some time looking at the night sky can see why ancient man was fascinated by this region and Ockham’s razor would give this as the simplest explanation. That would be the end of this investigation if it weren’t for a number of clues.

The Magdalenian star map gives one such clue. In the line of sight of the bull, in between Taurus and Orion, there is an X. This would not be of any significance if it weren’t for the fact it is in the position of a nearby star that is potentially habitable (Gliese 201, distance 48 light years). Within 50 light years of Earth there are some 200 stars that have a luminosity fantastic than that of a red dwarf. Many of these are too bright and would probably not exist long enough to harbor life. Others would be too faint and require too close an orbit to the star. Many are close orbiting binaries that would disrupt the evolution of planets. Some stars have highly variable luminosity. Finally some stars are relatively young, which is not the case with our candidate star.

Thus it can be estimated that to 50 light years there would be approximately 70 stars suitable for life as we know it. If evenly spaced, each would occupy a region of sky 26 degrees in diameter. This is approximately the area of the entire constellation of Taurus plus the top half of Orion. If one allows for a latitude of error of 5 degrees for the location, which is honestly pessimistic, the odds were 25 to 1 against a suitable star being at the location of the X.

A sculpture found in Germany and dating to 32500 to 38000 BC has been interpreted by Dr Michael Rappenglueck as a picture of Orion. This is based on the shape and the proper motion of a particular star within Orion. The sculpture has 48 to 52 notches on the back (The distance in light years to Gliese 201).

Gliese 201 is a distant member of a quadruple star system. The other three much closer orbiting stars are designated as 111 Tauri a, b and c. This is a third clue as the X on the Magdalenian star map is composed of 4 non-touching lines.

This would all be rather speculative if it weren’t for certain written evidence pointing towards this region of the sky.

From the dead sea scrolls, in Aramaic, the constellation of Orion was known as Nephila. Orion’s descendants were known as Nephilim The well known bible passage states:

“Now it came about, when men started to multiply on the face of the land, and daughters were born to them, that the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were gorgeous; and they took wives for themselves, whomever they chose. Then the Lord said, “My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; nevertheless his days shall be one hundred and twenty years.” The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of ancient, men of renown”

Dating to the ancient kingdom of Egypt from the pyramid texts we have:

“The celestial portal to the horizon is opened to you. And the gods are joyful at meeting you. They take you to the sky with your soul…You are traversing the winding waterway (milky-way) as a star crossing the sea. The Duat has grasped your hand at the place where Orion is, the bull of the sky (Taurus) has given you his hand.”

Gliese 201 is in the left hand of Orion on the Aurignacian Orion man carving.

The 3 pyramids of Giza have been associated with Orion’s belt by Robert Bauval. They also have a remarkable relationship with the terrestrial planets, ordered in the ground plot in accordance with their size. The masses of the pyramids of Khufu, Khafra and Menkhaura multiplied by 1 million billion equals the masses of the Earth, Venus and Mars respectively, with an error of less than 7%. The pyramids of Mexico represent the sun and moon so it would not be unreasonable to assume the Giza pyramids also represent our nearest planets.

The identification of the pyramids with 4th dynasty pharaohs, based on the supposed discoveries of Wiesse has been challenged successfully before and will not be pursued further here. The inventory stella is more likely to be a right history of the Giza necropolis states (with interpretations in brackets)

“Long live The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Khufu, given life He found the house of Isis (The supposed sphinx temple and clearly covered in sand at the time of Khufu and so ancient already), Mistress of the Pyramid (Thus at least one fantastic pyramid supposedly built by Khufu, Khafra or Menkaura existed already and was attributed to Isis), by the side of the hollow of Hwran (The Sphinx) and he built his pyramid (satellite pyramid to fantastic pyramids or more likely pyramid in front of the temple) beside the temple of this goddess and he built a pyramid for the King’s daughter Henutsen beside this temple (further satellite pyramid to fantastic pyramids or more likely pyramids in front of the temple). The place of Hwran Horemakhet (The Khafra temple) is on the South side of the House of Isis, Mistress of the pyramid (as is the case). He restored the statue, all covered in painting, of the guardian of the atmosphere, who guides the winds with his stare. He replaced the back part of the Nemes head-dress, which was missing with gilded stone.(Proof the sphinx existed before Khufu) The figure of this god, cut in stone, is solid and will last to eternity, keeping its face looking always to the East”

If the Khafra pyramid was associated with Isis and Venus, it would seem logical to associate the Khufu pyramid with Osiris (Earth) and the Menkaura pyramid with Horus (Mars). The ancient Egyptian name for Mars was Horus of the horizon or Horus the red. The Egyptian name for the pyramid was Hur.

While there may or may not be evidence of Egyptian civilisation further back than 5000 BC, there are certainly written records that take us back to the times of the Aurignacians and nearly to the dawn of of our common ancestor.

Diodorus the Greek, according to Egyptian priests, gives a date of 10000 to 23000 BC as the date of Osiris.

There are a number of written records of the ancient God/King lists of Egypt that allude to dates as far back as 39600 BC for the reigns. It would be useful to examine these records to determine to what extent they match known events of pre-history. The dates given in table 1 below are by their nature approximate.

There have been attempts by Robert Bauval to deduce the significance of the alignment of the star shafts of the fantastic pyramid. This has been confounded by the enormous time span between supposed alignment of the belt of Orion circa 2400 BC and the alignment of Leo to the East in 10500 BC. This would seem to be an unrealistically long time.

Analysing the architecture scientifically a very different conclusion can be reached. Through the eons many alignments with the southern star shafts are possible. The way to calibrate the system would be to find out when the brightest star in Leo aligns and see if this has any significance. The sphinx points East and is generally accepted to represent Leo rising. Regulus, which is located at the paw of Leo, aligns with the queen’s southern star shaft in 13650 BC and prior to that in 39395 BC. As seen in the dates in table 1, these were significant times for Egypt. The next observation would be to determine which star is transiting the queen’s southern star shaft while Regulus is rising in the East. In 13650 BC, remarkably this is the Tauri 111 and Gliese 201 system. In 39395 BC, due to the relative motion of the stars, the correlation with the star shafts is even more exact, although Tauri 111 culminates 10 minutes before Regulus rises in the East. A further observation is that Aldebaran, the brightest star in Taurus, transits the king’s southern star shaft.

13650 BC was the approximate time of arrival of the Magdalenian art and agriculture in Egypt, the beginning of the first cold snap, the commencement of the reign of kings according to Manetho and the reigns of the Followers of Horus according to the Turin Papyrus. 39395 BC is the approximate time of the arrival of Aurignacian culture in Europe and North Africa and the start date of the king lists.

Table 1: Key historic dates relevant to the discussion

50000 BC Origin of common ancestor in Africa

43000 to 36000 BC Arrival in Europe and North Africa of Aurignacians.

38000 BC Aurignacian art

36500 BC Ra, Osiris etc. The start of Egyptian dynasties if total years used. (Manetho)

36600 BC Rules before Followers of Horus started. (39600 BC if dynasties excluded) (Turin papyrus) . > 39000 BC date attributed to Herodotus, based on precession.

15300 BC From the Turin Papyrus, the kings of the North

14500 BC Demi-Gods (Manetho)

13500 BC Possible arrival of Magdalenian art and beginning of agriculture in Egypt, which finished 10500 BC.

13400 BC From Turin Papyrus, Followers of Horus if dynasties included

13200 BC Kings (Manetho)

13000 BC Peak of Magdelenian art.

13000 BC Cold snap

12000 BC 1st flood (40 meters)

10500 BC 2nd cold snap

9600 BC From Plato date of destruction of Atlantis by flood

9600 BC 2nd flood (40 meters)

9500 BC Spirits of the dead (reign of 5813 years Manetho)

Before 8000 BC end of cave painting. Break in period of art of 5 to 6 millenia

The sphinx dates to before 5000 BC due to rain weathering. The fantastic pyramid mortar dates to 3800 BC, but this may be repair work.

6500 BC 3rd Cold snap,

5500 BC 3rd flood (15 meters)

5000 to 3500 BC Pre-Dynastic Egypt

By: Chris Boyd

About the Author:

Chris Boyd

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